Philosophy

Medieval philosopher followed the rationalistic mode of Aristotle.

11th-century Spanish philosopher best known for Duties of the Heart, an attempt to organize Jewish ethical teachings into a cohesive system.

14th-century Spanish philosopher who defended Judaism against Christianity.

A Spanish poet, philosopher and proto-Zionist.

One of the most significant figures in the history of philosophy, Spinoza was excommunicated by the Jewish community.

The philosophers of the Middle Ages believed they were unearthing existing wisdom, not creating new ideas.