Modern Jewish Philosophies

Herald of the Jewish Enlightenment.

A 20th-century philosopher whose Jewish sensibility influenced his encounter with Western thought and ethics.

Scholar and leader known for his prolific writing and intellectual integrity.

The creation of a Jewish existentialism--and a Jewish state.

One of the most significant figures in the history of philosophy, Spinoza was excommunicated by the Jewish community.

Jewish thought in modern times has been shaped by radically new political realities.