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authObj.fn='Howard';
authObj.ln='Sachar';
authObj.bio='Howard M. Sachar is the author of numerous books, including <i>A History of Israel</i>, <i>A History of the Jews in America</i>, <i>Farewell Espana</i>, <i>Israel and Europe</i>, and <i>A History of Jews in the Modern World</i>. He is also the editor of the 39-volume <i>The Rise of Israel: A Documentary History</i>. He serves as Professor of Modern History at George Washington University.';
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linkedObj.url='/history/Ancient_and_Medieval_History/632-1650/Islamic_World/Commerce.shtml';
linkedObj.tag='Medieval Jewish commerce in Islamic lands';
linkedObj.title='The learned merchant was the standard bearer of medieval Islamic civilization--and this was good for the Jews.';
linkedObj.img='http://www.myjewishlearning.com/common/uploads/images/thumbnails/muslim-commerce-th.jpg';
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linkedObj.url='/history/Modern_History/1700-1914/Emancipation_and_Enlightenment/In_the_East/Muslim_Lands.shtml';
linkedObj.tag='Modern Jewry in Islamic lands';
linkedObj.title='European influence in the Middle East.';
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linkedObj.url='/culture/2/Languages/Other_Jewish_Languages/Ladino.shtml';
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linkedObj.title='Judeo-Spanish--also known as Ladino--mixes 16th-century Spanish, Hebrew, Turkish and other languages.';
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linkedObj.url='/practices/Ritual/Prayer/Synagogue_and_Religious_Leaders/Architecture_and_Design.shtml';
linkedObj.tag='Synagogue architecture across the world';
linkedObj.title='Synagogues share certain functional interior furnishings, but there is no architectural design or artistic style that characterizes a synagogue.';
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